src/headless

Headless Chromium

Headless Chromium allows running Chromium in a headless/server environment. Expected use cases include loading web pages, extracting metadata (e.g., the DOM) and generating bitmaps from page contents -- using all the modern web platform features provided by Chromium and Blink.

There are two ways to use Headless Chromium:

Usage via the DevTools remote debugging protocol

1. Start a normal Chrome binary with the --headless command line flag (Linux-only for now):

$ chrome --headless --remote-debugging-port=9222 https://chromium.org

Currently you'll also need to use --disable-gpu to avoid an error from a missing Mesa library.

2. Navigate to http://localhost:9222 in another browser to open the DevTools interface or use a tool such as Selenium to drive the headless browser.

Usage from Node.js

For example, the chrome-remote-interface Node.js package can be used to extract a page's DOM like this:

const CDP = require('chrome-remote-interface');

CDP((client) => {
  // Extract used DevTools domains.
  const {Page, Runtime} = client;

  // Enable events on domains we are interested in.
  Promise.all([
    Page.enable()
  ]).then(() => {
    return Page.navigate({url: 'https://example.com'});
  });

  // Evaluate outerHTML after page has loaded.
  Page.loadEventFired(() => {
    Runtime.evaluate({expression: 'document.body.outerHTML'}).then((result) => {
      console.log(result.result.value);
      client.close();
    });
  });
}).on('error', (err) => {
  console.error('Cannot connect to browser:', err);
});

Usage as a C++ library

Headless Chromium can be built as a library for embedding into a C++ application. This approach is otherwise similar to controlling the browser over a DevTools connection, but it provides more customization points, e.g., for networking and mojo services.

Headless Example is a small sample application which demonstrates the use of the headless C++ API. It loads a web page and outputs the resulting DOM. To run it, first initialize a headless build configuration:

$ mkdir -p out/Debug
$ echo 'import("//build/args/headless.gn")' > out/Debug/args.gn
$ gn gen out/Debug

Then build the example:

$ ninja -C out/Debug headless_example

After the build completes, the example can be run with the following command:

$ out/Debug/headless_example https://www.google.com

Headless Shell is a more capable headless application. For instance, it supports remote debugging with the DevTools protocol. To do this, start the application with an argument specifying the debugging port:

$ ninja -C out/Debug headless_shell
$ out/Debug/headless_shell --remote-debugging-port=9222 https://youtube.com

Then navigate to http://localhost:9222 with your browser.

Embedder API

The embedder API allows developers to integrate the headless library into their application. The API provides default implementations for low level adaptation points such as networking and the run loop.

The main embedder API classes are:

• HeadlessBrowser::Options::Builder - Defines the embedding options, e.g.:
  • SetMessagePump - Replaces the default base message pump. See base::MessagePump.
  • SetProxyServer - Configures an HTTP/HTTPS proxy server to be used for accessing the network.

Client/DevTools API

The headless client API is used to drive the browser and interact with loaded web pages. Its main classes are:

• HeadlessBrowser - Represents the global headless browser instance.
• HeadlessWebContents - Represents a single "tab" within the browser.
• HeadlessDevToolsClient - Provides a C++ interface for inspecting and controlling a tab. The API functions corresponds to DevTools commands. See the client API documentation for more information.

Resources and Documentation

Mailing list: headless-dev@chromium.org

Bug tracker: Internals>Headless

File a new bug (bit.ly/2pP6SBb)

• Runtime headless mode on Windows OS
• BeginFrame sequence numbers + acknowledgements
• Deterministic page loading for Blink
• Crash dumps for Headless Chrome
• Runtime headless mode for Chrome
• Virtual Time in Blink
• Headless Chrome architecture
• Headless Chrome C++ DevTools API
• Session isolation in Headless Chrome
• Headless Chrome mojo service
• Controlling BeginFrame through DevTools
• Viewport bounds and scale for screenshots
• BlinkOn 6 presentation slides
• Architecture design doc