深海游弋的鱼 – 默默的点滴

腾讯云挂载数据盘(Ubuntu 16.04.3 LTS)

腾讯云介绍的挂载数据盘的操作比较繁琐，如果只有一块数据盘，并且数据盘只创建一个分区，而且磁盘空间不超过2TB，可以使用下面的方法：

$ sudo parted /dev/vdb mklabe msdos

$ sudo parted /dev/vdb mkpart primary ext4 0% 100%

$ sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/vdb1

$ sudo mkdir /data
$ sudo mount /dev/vdb1 /data

$ sudo sed -i '$a\/dev/vdb1            /data                ext4       defaults              0 0' /etc/fstab

$ sudo parted /dev/vdb mklabe msdos

$ sudo parted /dev/vdb mkpart primary ext4 0% 100%

$ sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/vdb1

$ sudo mkdir /data

$ sudo mount /dev/vdb1 /data

$ sudo sed -i '$a\/dev/vdb1 /data ext4 defaults 0 0' /etc/fstab

参考链接

使用 MBR 分区表分区并格式化

Ubuntu 16.04.3 Server使用SSH登陆中文显示为乱码

最近尝试迁移向腾讯云，然后通过SSH登陆到服务器，发现编辑脚本的时候中文会显示为乱码。

服务器的版本是Ubuntu 16.04.3 Server。

解决方法非常简单，执行如下命令即可：

#解决ssh登陆中文显示问题

$ sudo apt-get install language-pack-zh-hans

#解决ssh登陆中文显示问题

$ sudo apt-get install language-pack-zh-hans

参考链接

Ubuntu server 中文环境方格乱码解决方法

Ubuntu 16.10/17.10无法通过/etc/rc.local开机启动应用

最新的Ubuntu 16.10/17.10上已经找不到/etc/rc.local这个文件了。但是我们很多配置都是写在这个文件里面的，因此如果直接按照systemd配置服务的话，需要修改很多。这里我们使用一个比较简单的兼容方案。

创建systemd的服务脚本

$ sudo vim /etc/systemd/system/rc-local.service

1	$ sudo vim /etc/systemd/system/rc-local.service

里面的内容如下：

[Unit]
 Description=/etc/rc.local Compatibility
 ConditionPathExists=/etc/rc.local

[Service]
 Type=forking
 ExecStart=/etc/rc.local start
 TimeoutSec=0
 StandardOutput=tty
 RemainAfterExit=yes
 SysVStartPriority=99

[Install]
 WantedBy=multi-user.target

[Unit]

Description=/etc/rc.local Compatibility

ConditionPathExists=/etc/rc.local

[Service]

Type=forking

ExecStart=/etc/rc.local start

TimeoutSec=0

StandardOutput=tty

RemainAfterExit=yes

SysVStartPriority=99

[Install]

WantedBy=multi-user.target

激活服务

$ sudo systemctl enable rc-local.service

1	$ sudo systemctl enable rc-local.service

手工创建或者拷贝已有的/etc/rc.local，这里我们以手工创建为例子：

$ echo '#!/bin/bash\n' | sudo tee /etc/rc.local
#后面是详细的需要开机执行的

#给予脚本执行权限
$ sudo chmod +x /etc/rc.local

$ echo '#!/bin/bash\n' | sudo tee /etc/rc.local

#后面是详细的需要开机执行的

#给予脚本执行权限

$ sudo chmod +x /etc/rc.local

参考链接

树莓派系统升级Raspbian Wheezy到Raspbian Jessie(树莓派2B+）

树莓派官方已经放出了Raspbian 8 Jessie。这是Raspbian Wheezy 2015.5.5之后的一次比较大的版本更新。而老的Raspbian Wheezy版本也可以通过简单的步骤升级到Raspbian 8 Jessie且不用重新刷写镜像。下面将介绍如何升级，要知道，升级有可能会破坏现有系统，在此之前请一定注意备份好老的系统。如果你对之前的系统做的更改越小，升级将会越顺利。

1. 更新当前系统到最新

$ sudo apt-get update

$ sudo apt-get upgrade

$ sudo apt-get dist-upgrade

$ sudo apt-get update

$ sudo apt-get upgrade

$ sudo apt-get dist-upgrade

2. 更新软件下载源

$ sudo cp /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.bak

$ sudo sed -i 's/wheezy/jessie/g' /etc/apt/sources.list

$ sudo sed -i 's/#deb http:\/\/mirrordirector/deb http:\/\/mirrordirector/g' /etc/apt/sources.list

$ sudo cp /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.bak

$ sudo sed -i 's/wheezy/jessie/g' /etc/apt/sources.list

$ sudo sed -i 's/#deb http:\/\/mirrordirector/deb http:\/\/mirrordirector/g' /etc/apt/sources.list

3. 升级到`Raspbian 8 Jessie`

$ sudo apt-get update

$ sudo apt-get upgrade

$ sudo apt-get dist-upgrade

$ sudo apt-get update

$ sudo apt-get upgrade

$ sudo apt-get dist-upgrade

参考链接

树莓派系统升级 Wheezy 到 Raspbian Jessie

Ubuntu 14.04及之后版本重启网卡不生效

Ubuntu 14.04修改配置，重启网卡没有生效，出现如下问题：

$ service networking restart //重启网络服务
stop: Job failed while stopping
start: Job is already running: networking


$ tail -f /var/log/upstart/networking.log //查看错误日志
Stopping or restarting the networking job is not supported.
Use ifdown & ifup to reconfigure desired interface.

$ service networking restart //重启网络服务

stop: Job failed while stopping

start: Job is already running: networking

$ tail -f /var/log/upstart/networking.log //查看错误日志

Stopping or restarting the networking job is not supported.

Use ifdown & ifup to reconfigure desired interface.

从以上日志内容可以看出，传统的service重启和停止网络已经不再支持了，需要通过使用ifdown & ifup来实现相应的操作。

$ sudo ifdown eth0 

$ sudo ifup eth0

$ sudo ifdown eth0

$ sudo ifup eth0

如果在远程Shell操作的情况，上面的命令可能会只执行了ifdown，然后连接就断开，而无法执行后面的ifup命令,导致无法继续操作。

解决方法是把上面的命令写入一个脚本文件执行：

$ echo 'ifdown eth0 && ifup eth0' >> restart_eth.sh

$ chmod +x restart_eth.sh 

$ sudo ./restart_eth.sh

$ echo 'ifdown eth0 && ifup eth0' >> restart_eth.sh

$ chmod +x restart_eth.sh

$ sudo ./restart_eth.sh

参考连接

linux Ubuntu14.04及之后版本重启网卡不生效

Ubuntu 17.10使用minicom通过USB串口线连接开发板(解决不能输入的问题）

Ubuntu 17.10上比较好用的串口终端是minicom，下面我们介绍一下使用方法。

继续阅读Ubuntu 17.10使用minicom通过USB串口线连接开发板(解决不能输入的问题）

OpenMediaVault-4.0.15执行更新(apt update)时报错“TypeError: 'NoneType' object is not callable”

OpenMediaVault-4.0.15执行更新(apt update)时报错,详细错误信息如下：

命中:12 http://packages.openmediavault.org/public arrakis InRelease            
Exception ignored in: <function WeakValueDictionary.__init__.<locals>.remove at 0x7f7dc337b730>
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/usr/lib/python3.5/weakref.py", line 117, in remove
TypeError: 'NoneType' object is not callable
Exception ignored in: <function WeakValueDictionary.__init__.<locals>.remove at 0x7f7dc337b730>
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/usr/lib/python3.5/weakref.py", line 117, in remove
TypeError: 'NoneType' object is not callable

命中:12 http://packages.openmediavault.org/public arrakis InRelease

Exception ignored in: <function WeakValueDictionary.__init__.<locals>.remove at 0x7f7dc337b730>

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "/usr/lib/python3.5/weakref.py", line 117, in remove

TypeError: 'NoneType' object is not callable

Exception ignored in: <function WeakValueDictionary.__init__.<locals>.remove at 0x7f7dc337b730>

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "/usr/lib/python3.5/weakref.py", line 117, in remove

TypeError: 'NoneType' object is not callable

通过观察发现，只要从packages.openmediavault.org中下载文件失败，就会报告这个错误。

发生错误之后，重新执行

$ sudo apt update

1	$ sudo apt update

即可解决这个问题，或者忽略这个错误信息即可。

Python中用Ctrl+C终止threading初始化的多线程脚本

在编写Python脚本的时候，难免会遇到使用多线程操作的情况。

正常情况下，我们都习惯在Shell中使用Ctrl+C终止脚本的执行，但是在多线程环境中，我们发现Ctrl+C并不能有效终止开启了多线程的脚本。

由于Python提供的threading模块并没有提供线程的退出接口，导致我们没有办法终止已经正常运行的线程，尤其是线程被阻塞在内核的情况下。

解决这个问题的办法就是在线程初始化之后设置为守护模式（setDaemon），并且不要调用join阻塞主线程。这样当主线程退出的时候，其他线程也随之退出了。

下面是我们解决这种问题的一个例子：

#!/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

import threading
import signal
import sys
import time

global is_exit
is_exit = False

def doWork(i):
    print "thread[%d] enter\n"%(i)
    while not is_exit:
       time.sleep(0.2)
    print "thread[%d] terminated\n"%(i)

def sig_handler(signum, frame):
    is_exit = True
    sys.exit(0)
    
if __name__ == "__main__":
    signal.signal(signal.SIGINT, sig_handler)
    signal.signal(signal.SIGTERM, sig_handler)
    cc = 5
    for i in range(cc):
        t = threading.Thread(target=doWork, args=(i,))
        t.setDaemon(True)
        t.start()

    raw_input("Waiting For Ctrl+C\n")

#!/bin/env python

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

import threading

import signal

import sys

import time

global is_exit

is_exit = False

def doWork(i):

print "thread[%d] enter\n"%(i)

while not is_exit:

time.sleep(0.2)

print "thread[%d] terminated\n"%(i)

def sig_handler(signum, frame):

is_exit = True

sys.exit(0)

if __name__ == "__main__":

signal.signal(signal.SIGINT, sig_handler)

signal.signal(signal.SIGTERM, sig_handler)

cc = 5

for i in range(cc):

t = threading.Thread(target=doWork, args=(i,))

t.setDaemon(True)

t.start()

raw_input("Waiting For Ctrl+C\n")

参考链接

Python 中用 Ctrl+C 终止多线程程序的问题解决

ubuntu 14.04/ubuntu 17.10做主机双网卡共享上网(NAT)

需求是电脑通过无线上网，然后把有线共享给其他设备，其他设备通过电脑代理上网。

电脑上有两张网卡，一张有线网卡，名字为eth0,一张无线网卡，名字为wlan0。

电脑的有线网卡配置的静态IP地址为：192.168.0.1。

对于Ubuntu 16.10/17.10系统，请参考 Ubuntu 16.10/17.10无法通过/etc/rc.local开机启动应用激活系统对于/etc/rc.local功能的支持。

电脑上执行如下命令：

$ echo "1" | sudo tee /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward

$ sudo iptables -F

$ sudo iptables -P INPUT ACCEPT

$ sudo iptables -P FORWARD ACCEPT

#打开NAT,无线网卡这里大eth0改wlan0
$ sudo iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o wlan0 -j MASQUERADE 

#保存设置信息，下次开机自动开启代理
$ sudo sed -i '$a\net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1' /etc/sysctl.conf

$ sudo sed -i '$a\iptables -F' /etc/rc.local

$ sudo sed -i '$a\iptables -P INPUT ACCEPT' /etc/rc.local

$ sudo sed -i '$a\iptables -P FORWARD ACCEPT' /etc/rc.local

$ sudo sed -i '$a\iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o wlan0 -j MASQUERADE' /etc/rc.local

$ echo "1" | sudo tee /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward

$ sudo iptables -F

$ sudo iptables -P INPUT ACCEPT

$ sudo iptables -P FORWARD ACCEPT

#打开NAT,无线网卡这里大eth0改wlan0

$ sudo iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o wlan0 -j MASQUERADE

#保存设置信息，下次开机自动开启代理

$ sudo sed -i '$a\net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1' /etc/sysctl.conf

$ sudo sed -i '$a\iptables -F' /etc/rc.local

$ sudo sed -i '$a\iptables -P INPUT ACCEPT' /etc/rc.local

$ sudo sed -i '$a\iptables -P FORWARD ACCEPT' /etc/rc.local

$ sudo sed -i '$a\iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o wlan0 -j MASQUERADE' /etc/rc.local

此时，由于我们没有开启DHCP功能，因此只能设置静态IP地址。客户机设置如下：
eth0:192.168.0.10 掩码：255.255.255.0 网关：192.168.0.1

参考链接

ubuntu做主机双网卡共享上网方法

Python简单实现WebSocket

实现一个简单的聊天室程序，代码如下：

#-*- coding:utf8 -*-

import threading
import hashlib
import socket
import base64

global clients
clients = {}

#通知客户端
def notify(message):
    for connection in clients.values():
        connection.send('%c%c%s' % (0x81, len(message), message))

#客户端处理线程
class websocket_thread(threading.Thread):
    def __init__(self, connection, username):
        super(websocket_thread, self).__init__()
        self.connection = connection
        self.username = username
    
    def run(self):
        print 'new websocket client joined!'
        data = self.connection.recv(1024)
        headers = self.parse_headers(data)
        token = self.generate_token(headers['Sec-WebSocket-Key'])
        self.connection.send('\
HTTP/1.1 101 WebSocket Protocol Hybi-10\r\n\
Upgrade: WebSocket\r\n\
Connection: Upgrade\r\n\
Sec-WebSocket-Accept: %s\r\n\r\n' % token)
        while True:
            try:
                data = self.connection.recv(1024)
            except socket.error, e:
                print "unexpected error: ", e
                clients.pop(self.username)
                break
            data = self.parse_data(data)
            if len(data) == 0:
                continue
            message = self.username + ": " + data
            notify(message)
            
    def parse_data(self, msg):
        v = ord(msg[1]) & 0x7f
        if v == 0x7e:
            p = 4
        elif v == 0x7f:
            p = 10
        else:
            p = 2
        mask = msg[p:p+4]
        data = msg[p+4:]
        return ''.join([chr(ord(v) ^ ord(mask[k%4])) for k, v in enumerate(data)])
        
    def parse_headers(self, msg):
        headers = {}
        header, data = msg.split('\r\n\r\n', 1)
        for line in header.split('\r\n')[1:]:
            key, value = line.split(': ', 1)
            headers[key] = value
        headers['data'] = data
        return headers

    def generate_token(self, msg):
        key = msg + '258EAFA5-E914-47DA-95CA-C5AB0DC85B11'
        ser_key = hashlib.sha1(key).digest()
        return base64.b64encode(ser_key)

#服务端
class websocket_server(threading.Thread):
    def __init__(self, port):
        super(websocket_server, self).__init__()
        self.port = port

    def run(self):
        sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
        sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
        sock.bind(('127.0.0.1', self.port))
        sock.listen(5)
        print 'websocket server started!'
        while True:
            connection, address = sock.accept()
            try:
                username = "ID" + str(address[1])
                thread = websocket_thread(connection, username)
                thread.start()
                clients[username] = connection
            except socket.timeout:
                print 'websocket connection timeout!'

if __name__ == '__main__':
    server = websocket_server(9000)
    server.start()

#-*- coding:utf8 -*-

import threading

import hashlib

import socket

import base64

global clients

clients = {}

#通知客户端

def notify(message):

for connection in clients.values():

connection.send('%c%c%s' % (0x81, len(message), message))

#客户端处理线程

class websocket_thread(threading.Thread):

def __init__(self, connection, username):

super(websocket_thread, self).__init__()

self.connection = connection

self.username = username

def run(self):

print 'new websocket client joined!'

data = self.connection.recv(1024)

headers = self.parse_headers(data)

token = self.generate_token(headers['Sec-WebSocket-Key'])

self.connection.send('\

HTTP/1.1 101 WebSocket Protocol Hybi-10\r\n\

Upgrade: WebSocket\r\n\

Connection: Upgrade\r\n\

Sec-WebSocket-Accept: %s\r\n\r\n' % token)

while True:

try:

data = self.connection.recv(1024)

except socket.error, e:

print "unexpected error: ", e

clients.pop(self.username)

break

data = self.parse_data(data)

if len(data) == 0:

continue

message = self.username + ": " + data

notify(message)

def parse_data(self, msg):

v = ord(msg[1]) & 0x7f

if v == 0x7e:

p = 4

elif v == 0x7f:

p = 10

else:

p = 2

mask = msg[p:p+4]

data = msg[p+4:]

return ''.join([chr(ord(v) ^ ord(mask[k%4])) for k, v in enumerate(data)])

def parse_headers(self, msg):

headers = {}

header, data = msg.split('\r\n\r\n', 1)

for line in header.split('\r\n')[1:]:

key, value = line.split(': ', 1)

headers[key] = value

headers['data'] = data

return headers

def generate_token(self, msg):

key = msg + '258EAFA5-E914-47DA-95CA-C5AB0DC85B11'

ser_key = hashlib.sha1(key).digest()

return base64.b64encode(ser_key)

#服务端

class websocket_server(threading.Thread):

def __init__(self, port):

super(websocket_server, self).__init__()

self.port = port

def run(self):

sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)

sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)

sock.bind(('127.0.0.1', self.port))

sock.listen(5)

print 'websocket server started!'

while True:

connection, address = sock.accept()

try:

username = "ID" + str(address[1])

thread = websocket_thread(connection, username)

thread.start()

clients[username] = connection

except socket.timeout:

print 'websocket connection timeout!'

if __name__ == '__main__':

server = websocket_server(9000)

server.start()

测试页面：

<!--
@http://www.cnblogs.com/zhuweisky/p/3930780.html
-->
<!DOCTYPE html>
</html>
    <head>
        <meta charset="utf-8">
    </head>
    <body>
        <h3>WebSocketTest</h3>
        <div id="login">
            <div>
                <input id="serverIP" type="text" placeholder="服务器IP" value="127.0.0.1" autofocus="autofocus" />
                <input id="serverPort" type="text" placeholder="服务器端口" value="9000" />
                <input id="btnConnect" type="button" value="连接" onclick="connect()" />
            </div>
            <div>
                <input id="sendText" type="text" placeholder="发送文本" value="I'm WebSocket Client!" />
                <input id="btnSend" type="button" value="发送" onclick="send()" />
            </div>
            <div>
                <div>
                    来自服务端的消息
                </div>
                <textarea id="txtContent" cols="50" rows="10" readonly="readonly"></textarea>
            </div>
        </div>
    </body>
    <script>
        var socket;

        function connect() {
            var host = "ws://" + $("serverIP").value + ":" + $("serverPort").value + "/"
            socket = new WebSocket(host);
            try {

                socket.onopen = function (msg) {
                    $("btnConnect").disabled = true;
                    alert("连接成功！");
                };

                socket.onmessage = function (msg) {
                    if (typeof msg.data == "string") {
                        displayContent(msg.data);
                    }
                    else {
                        alert("非文本消息");
                    }
                };

                socket.onclose = function (msg) { alert("socket closed!") };
            }
            catch (ex) {
                log(ex);
            }
        }

        function send() {
            var msg = $("sendText").value
            socket.send(msg);
        }

        window.onbeforeunload = function () {
            try {
                socket.close();
                socket = null;
            }
            catch (ex) {
            }
        };

        function $(id) { return document.getElementById(id); }

        Date.prototype.Format = function (fmt) { //author: meizz 
            var o = {
                "M+": this.getMonth() + 1, //月份 
                "d+": this.getDate(), //日 
                "h+": this.getHours(), //小时 
                "m+": this.getMinutes(), //分 
                "s+": this.getSeconds(), //秒 
                "q+": Math.floor((this.getMonth() + 3) / 3), //季度 
                "S": this.getMilliseconds() //毫秒 
            };
            if (/(y+)/.test(fmt)) fmt = fmt.replace(RegExp.$1, (this.getFullYear() + "").substr(4 - RegExp.$1.length));
            for (var k in o)
                if (new RegExp("(" + k + ")").test(fmt)) fmt = fmt.replace(RegExp.$1, (RegExp.$1.length == 1) ? (o[k]) : (("00" + o[k]).substr(("" + o[k]).length)));
            return fmt;
        }

        function displayContent(msg) {
            $("txtContent").value += "\r\n" +new Date().Format("yyyy/MM/dd hh:mm:ss")+ ":  " + msg;
        }
        function onkey(event) { if (event.keyCode == 13) { send(); } }
    </script>
</html>

<!--

@http://www.cnblogs.com/zhuweisky/p/3930780.html

-->

<!DOCTYPE html>

</html>

<head>

</head>

<body>

<h3>WebSocketTest</h3>

<div>

</div>

<div>

</div>

<div>

来自服务端的消息

</div>

</div>

</body>

var socket;

function connect() {

var host = "ws://" + $("serverIP").value + ":" + $("serverPort").value + "/"

socket = new WebSocket(host);

try {

socket.onopen = function (msg) {

$("btnConnect").disabled = true;

alert("连接成功！");

};

socket.onmessage = function (msg) {

if (typeof msg.data == "string") {

displayContent(msg.data);

}

else {

alert("非文本消息");

}

};

socket.onclose = function (msg) { alert("socket closed!") };

}

catch (ex) {

log(ex);

}

function send() {

var msg = $("sendText").value

socket.send(msg);

}

window.onbeforeunload = function () {

try {

socket.close();

socket = null;

}

catch (ex) {

}

};

function $(id) { return document.getElementById(id); }

Date.prototype.Format = function (fmt) { //author: meizz

var o = {

"M+": this.getMonth() + 1, //月份

"d+": this.getDate(), //日

"h+": this.getHours(), //小时

"m+": this.getMinutes(), //分

"s+": this.getSeconds(), //秒

"q+": Math.floor((this.getMonth() + 3) / 3), //季度

"S": this.getMilliseconds() //毫秒

};

if (/(y+)/.test(fmt)) fmt = fmt.replace(RegExp.$1, (this.getFullYear() + "").substr(4 - RegExp.$1.length));

for (var k in o)

if (new RegExp("(" + k + ")").test(fmt)) fmt = fmt.replace(RegExp.$1, (RegExp.$1.length == 1) ? (o[k]) : (("00" + o[k]).substr(("" + o[k]).length)));

return fmt;

}

function displayContent(msg) {

$("txtContent").value += "\r\n" +new Date().Format("yyyy/MM/dd hh:mm:ss")+ ": " + msg;

}

function onkey(event) { if (event.keyCode == 13) { send(); } }

</script>

</html>

参考链接

python简单实现websocket

2017 年 12 月
一	二	三	四	五	六	日
				1	2	3
4	5	6	7	8	9	10
11	12	13	14	15	16	17
18	19	20	21	22	23	24
25	26	27	28	29	30	31

参考链接

参考链接

参考链接

1. 更新当前系统到最新

2. 更新软件下载源

3. 升级到Raspbian 8 Jessie

参考链接

参考连接

参考链接

参考链接

参考链接

3. 升级到`Raspbian 8 Jessie`