介绍 mbedtls 的 tls client 的使用方法，常见的功能参数配置和含义。 当前使用的 mbedtls 版本是： mbedtls-3.4.0。
功能参数配置
需要配置的功能选项
- 设置 tls 协议版本: 配置 tls 1.2, tls 1.3, 还是二者都支持。
- 认证方式设置：单向认证、双向认证、还是 psk。
- 握手时的校验等级设置：不校验证书合法性，仅加密；校验，但如果失败也继续执行后面的握手流程；校验不通过则终止握手流程。
- 服务器ca证书设置
- 客户端证书和密钥设置
- 预定义共享密钥设置
编译配置
使用 mbedtls_config.h 配置文件，tls 1.2 默认打开，不需要修改，但 tls 1.3 未开启，需要特别设置。
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//mbedtls_config.h #define MBEDTLS_SSL_PROTO_TLS1_3 #define MBEDTLS_SSL_TLS1_3_COMPATIBILITY_MODE #define MBEDTLS_USE_PSA_CRYPTO #define MBEDTLS_PSA_CRYPTO_CONFIG |
解决 mps_common.h 中的编译问题，替换 MBEDTLS_MPS_STORED_SIZE_MAX 和 MBEDTLS_MPS_SIZE_MAX 宏定义。
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//mps_common.h #define MBEDTLS_MPS_STORED_SIZE_MAX (SIZE_MAX) #define MBEDTLS_MPS_SIZE_MAX (SIZE_MAX) |
API 设计和实现
接口处理的事情，主要是连接参数配置、打开和关闭连接，接收和发送数据。
数据结构定义：
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typedef enum { QTF_TLS_AUTH_MODE_CERT = 0, // 校验证书 QTF_TLS_AUTH_MODE_PSK, // 预定义共享密钥 QTF_TLS_AUTH_MODE_MAX }qtf_tls_auth_mode_t; typedef enum { QTF_TLS_VERSION_TLS1_2 = 0, // TLS v1.2 QTF_TLS_VERSION_TLS1_3, // TLS v1.3 QTF_TLS_VERSION_TLS1_2_1_3, // TLS v1.2 and TLS v1.3 QTF_TLS_VERSION_MAX }qtf_tls_version_t; typedef enum { QTF_TLS_VERIFY_MODE_NONE = 0, // 不校验证书是否合法 QTF_TLS_VERIFY_MODE_OPTIONAL, // 证书校验失败，继续执行握手 QTF_TLS_VERIFY_MODE_REQUIRED, // 证书校验失败终止握手，推荐配置 QTF_TLS_VERIFY_MODE_MAX }qtf_tls_verify_mode_t; typedef enum { QTF_TLS_DEBUG_LEVEL_NONE = 0, QTF_TLS_DEBUG_LEVEL_ERROR, QTF_TLS_DEBUG_LEVEL_STATE, QTF_TLS_DEBUG_LEVEL_INFO, QTF_TLS_DEBUG_LEVEL_VERBOSE, }qtf_tls_debug_level_t; // tls 报文分片大小设置 typedef enum { QTF_TLS_MAX_FRAG_LEN_NO_USE = 0, // 不设置 QTF_TLS_MAX_FRAG_LEN_512, // 设置 tls 报文分片大小 512 字节 QTF_TLS_MAX_FRAG_LEN_1024, QTF_TLS_MAX_FRAG_LEN_2048, QTF_TLS_MAX_FRAG_LEN_4096, }qtf_tls_max_frag_len_t; typedef struct { qtf_tls_auth_mode_t auth_mode; // 认证方式 qtf_tls_verify_mode_t verify_mode; // 握手校验等级 qtf_tls_version_t tls_version; // tls 协议版本设置 qtf_tls_debug_level_t debug_level; // 调试日志等级设置 qtf_tls_max_frag_len_t max_frag_len; // 报文分片大小设置 uint32_t hanshake_timeout_ms; // 握手超时时间设置 const char *ca_cert; // 服务器ca 证书 uint32_t ca_cert_len; const char *client_cert; // 客户端证书 uint32_t client_cert_len; const char *client_key; // 客户端密钥 uint32_t client_key_len; const char *client_key_passwd; uint32_t client_key_passwd_len; const char *psk; // 预定义共享密钥 uint32_t psk_len; const char *psk_id; }qtf_tls_conn_param_t; |
连接参数配置说明：
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auth_mode：认证方式设置。
一是通过证书认证，另一个是通过预定义密钥 PSK。
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verify_mode：握手的校验等级。
推荐配置为 QTF_TLS_VERIFY_MODE_REQUIRED。如果只是想加密而不校验，可以配置 QTF_TLS_VERIFY_MODE_NONE 或 QTF_TLS_VERIFY_MODE_OPTIONAL。
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tls_version：tls 协议版本。
推荐配置成 tls 1.2 或 tls 1.3，tls 1.2 以下的版本不安全，tls 1.3 版本 mbedtls 没有完整支持。
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debug_level：日志等级。
推荐设置 QTF_TLS_DEBUG_LEVEL_NONE 关闭日志输出。排查问题时可以将日志打开 QTF_TLS_DEBUG_LEVEL_VERBOSE（注意会打印密钥和收发数据的明文内容）。
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max_frag_len： 数据分片大小设置。
在客户端侧设置，用于协商数据分片大小，设置这个参数应该是出于对使用内存大小和带宽的考虑。
设置太小，可能会出现服务器证书接收不完整导致握手失败问题，但最大值也不能设置超过接收缓冲区的大小。
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hanshake_timeout_ms：握手超时时间。
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ca_cert：服务器的 ca 证书。
如果要求校验证书，则必须设置。客户端校验服务器是否合法，单向认证。
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client_cert：客户端证书。
要求双向认证的时候必须设置，用于服务器校验客户端是否合法。同时还要设置 client_key。
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psk ：预定义共享密钥。
psk 不需要证书认证，减少握手数据交互流程，但需要指定 psk_id 身份标识和指定加密套件。
接口定义：
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void *qtf_tls_connect(const char *host, uint16_t port, qtf_tls_conn_param_t *param); int qtf_tls_send(void *handle, const void *buf, uint32_t len, uint32_t timeout_ms); int qtf_tls_recv(void *handle, void *buf, uint32_t len, uint32_t timeout_ms); int qtf_tls_close(void *handle); |
接口实现:
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#include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include "qt_idf_tls.h" #include "dlg/dlg.h" #include "mbedtls/net_sockets.h" #include "mbedtls/ssl.h" #include "mbedtls/ctr_drbg.h" #include "mbedtls/debug.h" #include "mbedtls/platform.h" #include "mbedtls/timing.h" #include "mbedtls/entropy.h" #include "mbedtls/error.h" typedef struct { mbedtls_net_context socket_fd; mbedtls_entropy_context entropy; mbedtls_ctr_drbg_context ctr_drbg; mbedtls_ssl_context ssl; mbedtls_ssl_config ssl_conf; mbedtls_x509_crt ca_cert; mbedtls_x509_crt client_cert; mbedtls_pk_context private_key; }qtf_tls_handle_t; #if defined(MBEDTLS_DEBUG_C) static void _ssl_debug(void *ctx, int level, const char *file, int line, const char *str) { printf("[mbedTLS]:[%s]:[%d]: %s\r\n", (file), line, (str)); } #endif static int _mbedtls_tcp_connect(mbedtls_net_context *ctx, const char *host, uint16_t port) { int ret = 0; char port_str[6] = {0}; snprintf(port_str, sizeof(port_str), "%d", port); ret = mbedtls_net_connect(ctx, host, port_str, MBEDTLS_NET_PROTO_TCP); if(ret != 0) { dlg_error("mbedtls_net_connect connect failed returned 0x%04x errno: %d", ret < 0 ? -ret : ret, errno); return ret; } ret = mbedtls_net_set_block(ctx); if(ret != 0) { dlg_error("mbedtls_net_set_block failed returned 0x%04x errno: %d", ret < 0 ? -ret : ret, errno); return ret; } return 0; } static int _tls_net_init(qtf_tls_handle_t *handle, qtf_tls_conn_param_t *param) { int ret = -1; mbedtls_net_init(&(handle->socket_fd)); mbedtls_ssl_init(&(handle->ssl)); mbedtls_ssl_config_init(&(handle->ssl_conf)); mbedtls_ctr_drbg_init(&(handle->ctr_drbg)); mbedtls_entropy_init(&(handle->entropy)); #if defined(MBEDTLS_DEBUG_C) mbedtls_debug_set_threshold(param->debug_level); mbedtls_ssl_conf_dbg(&handle->ssl_conf, _ssl_debug, NULL); #endif #if defined(MBEDTLS_USE_PSA_CRYPTO) || defined(MBEDTLS_SSL_PROTO_TLS1_3) // tls 1.3 需要调用 psa_crypto_init ret = psa_crypto_init(); if (ret != PSA_SUCCESS) { dlg_error("psa_crypto_init failed"); goto error; } #endif ret = mbedtls_ssl_conf_max_frag_len(&(handle->ssl_conf), param->max_frag_len); if (ret != 0) { dlg_error("mbedtls_ssl_conf_max_frag_len failed"); goto error; } ret = mbedtls_ctr_drbg_seed(&(handle->ctr_drbg), mbedtls_entropy_func, &(handle->entropy), NULL, 0); if (ret != 0) { dlg_error("mbedtls_ctr_drbg_seed failed"); goto error; } // 证书认证方式 if(param->auth_mode == QTF_TLS_AUTH_MODE_CERT) { if(param->ca_cert && param->ca_cert_len) { mbedtls_x509_crt_init(&(handle->ca_cert)); ret = mbedtls_x509_crt_parse(&(handle->ca_cert), (const unsigned char *)param->ca_cert, param->ca_cert_len+1); if (ret != 0) { dlg_error("mbedtls_x509_crt_parse failed"); goto error; } } else { if(param->verify_mode != QTF_TLS_VERIFY_MODE_NONE) { dlg_error("invalid ca cert"); goto error; } dlg_info("verify mode is none"); } mbedtls_ssl_conf_ca_chain(&(handle->ssl_conf), &(handle->ca_cert), NULL); if (param->client_cert && param->client_cert_len && param->client_key && param->client_key_len) { // 双向认证 mbedtls_x509_crt_init(&(handle->client_cert)); mbedtls_pk_init(&(handle->private_key)); ret = mbedtls_x509_crt_parse(&(handle->client_cert), (const unsigned char *)param->client_cert, param->client_cert_len + 1); if (ret != 0) { dlg_error("mbedtls_x509_crt_parse failed"); goto error; } ret = mbedtls_pk_parse_key(&(handle->private_key), (const unsigned char *)param->client_key, param->client_key_len + 1, (const unsigned char *)param->client_key_passwd, param->client_key_passwd_len + 1, NULL, NULL); if (ret != 0) { dlg_error("mbedtls_pk_parse_key failed"); goto error; } ret = mbedtls_ssl_conf_own_cert(&(handle->ssl_conf), &(handle->client_cert), &(handle->private_key)); if (ret != 0) { dlg_error("mbedtls_ssl_conf_own_cert failed"); goto error; } } } // psk 认证 else if(param->auth_mode == QTF_TLS_AUTH_MODE_PSK) { if(param->psk && param->psk_len && param->psk_id) { ret = mbedtls_ssl_conf_psk(&(handle->ssl_conf), (const unsigned char *)param->psk, param->psk_len, (const unsigned char *)param->psk_id, strlen(param->psk_id)); if (ret != 0) { dlg_error("mbedtls_ssl_conf_psk failed"); goto error; } } else { dlg_error("invalid psk"); goto error; } } else { dlg_error("invalid auth mode"); goto error; } return ret; error: return ret; } static int __tls_net_deinit(qtf_tls_handle_t *handle) { mbedtls_net_free(&(handle->socket_fd)); mbedtls_ssl_free(&(handle->ssl)); mbedtls_ssl_config_free(&(handle->ssl_conf)); mbedtls_ctr_drbg_free(&(handle->ctr_drbg)); mbedtls_entropy_free(&(handle->entropy)); mbedtls_x509_crt_free(&(handle->ca_cert)); mbedtls_x509_crt_free(&(handle->client_cert)); mbedtls_pk_free(&(handle->private_key)); return 0; } void *qtf_tls_connect(const char *host, uint16_t port, qtf_tls_conn_param_t *param) { qtf_tls_handle_t *handle = NULL; int ret = 0; if(!host || !param) { dlg_error("invalid param"); goto error; } handle = (qtf_tls_handle_t *)malloc(sizeof(qtf_tls_handle_t)); if(!handle) { dlg_error("malloc failed"); goto error; } // 配置 tls 连接参数 ret = _tls_net_init(handle, param); if(ret != 0) { dlg_error("tls net init failed"); goto error; } dlg_info("Connecting to %s:%d...", host, port); // 建立 tcp 连接 ret = _mbedtls_tcp_connect(&(handle->socket_fd), host, port); if (ret != 0) { dlg_error("mbedtls_tcp_connect failed"); goto error; } // 设置 tls 客户端 mbedtls_ssl_config_defaults(&(handle->ssl_conf), MBEDTLS_SSL_IS_CLIENT, MBEDTLS_SSL_TRANSPORT_STREAM, MBEDTLS_SSL_PRESET_DEFAULT); mbedtls_ssl_conf_read_timeout(&(handle->ssl_conf), param->hanshake_timeout_ms); // 配置认证等级 mbedtls_ssl_conf_authmode(&(handle->ssl_conf), param->verify_mode); // 协议版本设置 if(param->tls_version == QTF_TLS_VERSION_TLS1_2) { mbedtls_ssl_conf_max_tls_version(&(handle->ssl_conf), MBEDTLS_SSL_VERSION_TLS1_2); mbedtls_ssl_conf_min_tls_version(&(handle->ssl_conf), MBEDTLS_SSL_VERSION_TLS1_2); } else if(param->tls_version == QTF_TLS_VERSION_TLS1_3) { mbedtls_ssl_conf_max_tls_version(&(handle->ssl_conf), MBEDTLS_SSL_VERSION_TLS1_3); mbedtls_ssl_conf_min_tls_version(&(handle->ssl_conf), MBEDTLS_SSL_VERSION_TLS1_3); } else { mbedtls_ssl_conf_max_tls_version(&(handle->ssl_conf), MBEDTLS_SSL_VERSION_TLS1_3); mbedtls_ssl_conf_min_tls_version(&(handle->ssl_conf), MBEDTLS_SSL_VERSION_TLS1_2); } mbedtls_ssl_conf_rng(&(handle->ssl_conf), mbedtls_ctr_drbg_random, &(handle->ctr_drbg)); // todo: config ciphersuites ret = mbedtls_ssl_setup(&(handle->ssl), &(handle->ssl_conf)); if (ret != 0) { dlg_error("mbedtls_ssl_setup failed"); goto error; } // 配置 tcp 收发函数，可自定义也可使用 mbedtls 的实现 mbedtls_ssl_set_bio(&(handle->ssl), &(handle->socket_fd), mbedtls_net_send, mbedtls_net_recv, mbedtls_net_recv_timeout); // 设置服务器域名，目的是配置 SNI （Server Name Indication） 扩展。 ret = mbedtls_ssl_set_hostname(&(handle->ssl), host); if (ret != 0) { dlg_error("mbedtls_ssl_set_hostname failed"); goto error; } // 执行握手流程 while ((ret = mbedtls_ssl_handshake(&(handle->ssl))) != 0) { if (ret != MBEDTLS_ERR_SSL_WANT_READ && ret != MBEDTLS_ERR_SSL_WANT_WRITE) { dlg_error("mbedtls_ssl_handshake failed 0x%04x", ret < 0 ? -ret : ret); goto error; } } // 证书校验结果 ret = mbedtls_ssl_get_verify_result(&(handle->ssl)); if (ret < 0) { dlg_error("mbedtls_ssl_get_verify_result 0x%04x", ret < 0 ? -ret : ret); goto error; } return handle; error: if(handle) { __tls_net_deinit(handle); free(handle); } return NULL; } int qtf_tls_send(void *handle, const void *buf, uint32_t len, uint32_t timeout_ms) { qtf_tls_handle_t *tls_handle = (qtf_tls_handle_t *)handle; int ret = 0; if(!handle || !buf || !len) { dlg_error("invalid param"); return -1; } // 发送数据 while ((ret = mbedtls_ssl_write(&(tls_handle->ssl), (const unsigned char *)buf, len)) <= 0) { if (ret != MBEDTLS_ERR_SSL_WANT_READ && ret != MBEDTLS_ERR_SSL_WANT_WRITE) { dlg_error("mbedtls_ssl_write failed 0x%04x", ret < 0 ? -ret : ret); return -1; } } return ret; } int qtf_tls_recv(void *handle, void *buf, uint32_t len, uint32_t timeout_ms) { qtf_tls_handle_t *tls_handle = (qtf_tls_handle_t *)handle; int ret = 0; if(!handle || !buf || !len) { dlg_error("invalid param"); return -1; } // 接收数据 while ((ret = mbedtls_ssl_read(&(tls_handle->ssl), (unsigned char *)buf, len)) <= 0) { if (ret != MBEDTLS_ERR_SSL_WANT_READ && ret != MBEDTLS_ERR_SSL_WANT_WRITE) { dlg_error("mbedtls_ssl_read failed 0x%04x", ret < 0 ? -ret : ret); return -1; } } return ret; } int qtf_tls_close(void *handle) { int ret = 0; qtf_tls_handle_t *tls_handle = (qtf_tls_handle_t *)handle; if (!handle) { dlg_error("invalid param"); return -1; } // 关闭连接，释放资源 do { ret = mbedtls_ssl_close_notify(&(tls_handle->ssl)); } while (ret == MBEDTLS_ERR_SSL_WANT_READ || ret == MBEDTLS_ERR_SSL_WANT_WRITE); __tls_net_deinit(tls_handle); free(tls_handle); return 0; } |
测试例子
测试代码，连接 https 测试服务器 httpbin.org，发送一个 get 请求，并接收服务器回复。
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void shell_tlstest_cmd(int argc, char *argv) { qtf_tls_conn_param_t tls_param = {0}; void *tls_handle = NULL; char recv_buf[1024] = {0}; int ret = 0; const char request[] = "GET /get?a=1 HTTP/1.1\r\n" "Host: httpbin.org\r\n" "Connection: close\r\n" "\r\n"; const char *test_ca_cert = { "-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----\r\n" "MIIDdTCCAl2gAwIBAgILBAAAAAABFUtaw5QwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEFBQAwVzELMAkG\r\n" "A1UEBhMCQkUxGTAXBgNVBAoTEEdsb2JhbFNpZ24gbnYtc2ExEDAOBgNVBAsTB1Jv\r\n" "b3QgQ0ExGzAZBgNVBAMTEkdsb2JhbFNpZ24gUm9vdCBDQTAeFw05ODA5MDExMjAw\r\n" "MDBaFw0yODAxMjgxMjAwMDBaMFcxCzAJBgNVBAYTAkJFMRkwFwYDVQQKExBHbG9i\r\n" "YWxTaWduIG52LXNhMRAwDgYDVQQLEwdSb290IENBMRswGQYDVQQDExJHbG9iYWxT\r\n" "aWduIFJvb3QgQ0EwggEiMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4IBDwAwggEKAoIBAQDaDuaZ\r\n" "jc6j40+Kfvvxi4Mla+pIH/EqsLmVEQS98GPR4mdmzxzdzxtIK+6NiY6arymAZavp\r\n" "xy0Sy6scTHAHoT0KMM0VjU/43dSMUBUc71DuxC73/OlS8pF94G3VNTCOXkNz8kHp\r\n" "1Wrjsok6Vjk4bwY8iGlbKk3Fp1S4bInMm/k8yuX9ifUSPJJ4ltbcdG6TRGHRjcdG\r\n" "snUOhugZitVtbNV4FpWi6cgKOOvyJBNPc1STE4U6G7weNLWLBYy5d4ux2x8gkasJ\r\n" "U26Qzns3dLlwR5EiUWMWea6xrkEmCMgZK9FGqkjWZCrXgzT/LCrBbBlDSgeF59N8\r\n" "9iFo7+ryUp9/k5DPAgMBAAGjQjBAMA4GA1UdDwEB/wQEAwIBBjAPBgNVHRMBAf8E\r\n" "BTADAQH/MB0GA1UdDgQWBBRge2YaRQ2XyolQL30EzTSo//z9SzANBgkqhkiG9w0B\r\n" "AQUFAAOCAQEA1nPnfE920I2/7LqivjTFKDK1fPxsnCwrvQmeU79rXqoRSLblCKOz\r\n" "yj1hTdNGCbM+w6DjY1Ub8rrvrTnhQ7k4o+YviiY776BQVvnGCv04zcQLcFGUl5gE\r\n" "38NflNUVyRRBnMRddWQVDf9VMOyGj/8N7yy5Y0b2qvzfvGn9LhJIZJrglfCm7ymP\r\n" "AbEVtQwdpf5pLGkkeB6zpxxxYu7KyJesF12KwvhHhm4qxFYxldBniYUr+WymXUad\r\n" "DKqC5JlR3XC321Y9YeRq4VzW9v493kHMB65jUr9TU/Qr6cf9tveCX4XSQRjbgbME\r\n" "HMUfpIBvFSDJ3gyICh3WZlXi/EjJKSZp4A==\r\n" "-----END CERTIFICATE-----"}; tls_param.auth_mode = QTF_TLS_AUTH_MODE_CERT; tls_param.verify_mode = QTF_TLS_VERIFY_MODE_OPTIONAL; tls_param.hanshake_timeout_ms = 10000; tls_param.ca_cert = test_ca_cert; tls_param.ca_cert_len = strlen(test_ca_cert); tls_param.client_cert = NULL; tls_param.client_cert_len = 0; tls_param.client_key = NULL; tls_param.client_key_len = 0; tls_param.client_key_passwd = NULL; tls_param.client_key_passwd_len = 0; tls_param.psk = NULL; tls_param.psk_len = 0; tls_param.psk_id = NULL; tls_param.debug_level = QTF_TLS_DEBUG_LEVEL_ERROR; tls_param.tls_version = QTF_TLS_VERSION_TLS1_2; tls_param.max_frag_len = QTF_TLS_MAX_FRAG_LEN_NO_USE; tls_handle = qtf_tls_connect("httpbin.org", 443, &tls_param); if(tls_handle) { shell_printf("tls connect success\r\n"); } else { shell_printf("tls connect failed\r\n"); return; } ret = qtf_tls_send(tls_handle, request, strlen(request), 1000); if(ret > 0) { shell_printf("tls send success\r\n"); } else { shell_printf("tls send failed\r\n"); qtf_tls_close(tls_handle); return; } ret = qtf_tls_recv(tls_handle, recv_buf, sizeof(recv_buf), 1000); if(ret > 0) { shell_printf("tls recv success\r\n"); shell_printf("recv:%s\r\n", recv_buf); } else { shell_printf("tls recv failed\r\n"); } qtf_tls_close(tls_handle); } |
测试日志：
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[qt_idf_tls.c:250 qtf_tls_connect] Connecting to httpbin.org:443... [mbedTLS]:[D:/workspace/QT/qt_idf/components/mbedtls/library/ssl_client.c]:[258]: got supported group(001d) [mbedTLS]:[D:/workspace/QT/qt_idf/components/mbedtls/library/ssl_client.c]:[258]: got supported group(0017) [mbedTLS]:[D:/workspace/QT/qt_idf/components/mbedtls/library/ssl_client.c]:[258]: got supported group(0018) [mbedTLS]:[D:/workspace/QT/qt_idf/components/mbedtls/library/ssl_client.c]:[258]: got supported group(001e) [mbedTLS]:[D:/workspace/QT/qt_idf/components/mbedtls/library/ssl_client.c]:[258]: got supported group(0019) [mbedTLS]:[D:/workspace/QT/qt_idf/components/mbedtls/library/ssl_client.c]:[258]: got supported group(001a) [mbedTLS]:[D:/workspace/QT/qt_idf/components/mbedtls/library/ssl_client.c]:[258]: got supported group(001b) [mbedTLS]:[D:/workspace/QT/qt_idf/components/mbedtls/library/ssl_client.c]:[258]: got supported group(001c) [mbedTLS]:[D:/workspace/QT/qt_idf/components/mbedtls/library/ssl_tls.c]:[7384]: x509_verify_cert() returned -9984 (-0x2700) [mbedTLS]:[D:/workspace/QT/qt_idf/components/mbedtls/library/ssl_tls12_client.c]:[2762]: Perform PSA-based ECDH computation. tls connect success tls send success tls recv success recv:HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Sun, 02 Jul 2023 12:02:04 GMT Content-Type: application/json Content-Length: 220 Connection: close Server: gunicorn/19.9.0 Access-Control-Allow-Origin: * Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: true { "args": { "a": "1" }, "headers": { "Host": "httpbin.org", "X-Amzn-Trace-Id": "Root=1-64a1673a-5197ca4a2ff801443ac81bc6" }, "origin": "223.73.211.183", "url": "https://httpbin.org/get?a=1" } |
参考链接